Aztecs Essay Example

Aztecs Paper Around the early 13th century the Aztecs left their homes in Atzlan and started wandering through the Valley of Mexico.Living as mostly gathers in a migratory lifesyle, the Aztecs struggled to survive.They were eventually enslaved by another tribe.The Aztecs were, at this time, poor scruffy people, who were enen know to consume vermin, snakes and stolen food.They were rejected by mostly all of the surounding tribes.Basically they spent most of their time migrating from one place to another. Early in the 14th century, approximately 1325, Tenoch, their cheiftain, had a vision where, Huitzilopochtli appeared and told him to lead his people to a swampy island in the center of Lake Texcoco.The Aztecs belived that Huitzilopochtli, their war god was their protector and helped them search for the promised land.The Aztecs practiced out of a book known as the Tira de la Peregrinacion, also called the Migration Scrolls.After reaching the island in the cener of Lake Texcoco, the Aztecs saw an e agle on the top of a cactus.They took this as a sign that this was where they were supposed to build their city. Their city was called Tenochtitlan, also know as the city of Tenoch.Atfirst life in thier new city was difficult for the Aztecs due to thier new, undesirable location.The city was located in a swampy marsh in the middle of an island, making the recources that the Aztecs new how to use extremely limited.Atfirst the Aztecs just built mud huts to live in and a few small temples.They farmed by intaking an agricultural system called the Chinampas, which eventully made the land fertile and highly productive.The Aztecs also used fishing, hunting, and gathering techniques.The Valley rivers were filled with fish, insects, tadpoles, shrimp, and this extremely odd naturally occuring pasta called, ahuatle.The Aztecs also hunted wild turkey, rabbits, snakes, armadillos and deer. The civilization continously c

Definition and Examples of Panegyric

Definition and Examples of Panegyric In rhetoric, panegyric is a speech or written composition that offers praise for an individual or an institution: an encomium or eulogy. Adjective: panegyrical. Contrast with invective. In classical rhetoric, the panegyric was recognized as a form of ceremonial discourse (epideictic rhetoric) and was commonly practiced as a rhetorical exercise. Etymology From the Greek, public assembly Examples and Observations Isocrates Panegyric at the Panhellenic FestivalNow the founders of our great festivals are justly praised for handing down to us a custom by which, having proclaimed a truce and resolved our pending quarrels, we come together in one place, where, as we make our prayers and sacrifices in common, we are reminded of the kinship which exists among us and are made to feel more kindly towards each other for the future, reviving our old friendships and establishing new ties. And neither to common men nor to those of superior gifts is the time so spent idle and profitless, but in the concourse of the Greeks the latter have the opportunity to display their prowess, the former to behold these contending against each other in the games; and no one lacks zest for the festival, but all find in it that which flatters their pride, the spectators when they see the athletes exert themselves for their benefit, the athletes when they reflect that all the world is come to gaze upon them.(Isocrates, Pane gyricus, 380 B.C.) Shakespearean PanegyricThis royal throne of kings, this scepterd isle,This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,This other Eden, demi-paradise,This fortress built by Nature for herselfAgainst infection and the hand of war,This happy breed of men, this little world,This precious stone set in the silver sea,Which serves it in the office of a wall,Or as a moat defensive to a house,Against the envy of less happier lands,This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England . . ..(John of Gaunt in William Shakespeares King  Richard II,  Act 2, Scene 1)Elements of Classical PanegyricsIsocrates may have been the first to give a specific name to speeches given at such gatherings by naming his famous appeal for Hellenic unity Panegyrikos in 380 B.C.E. This was Isocrates most famous composition and may well have popularized the use of the term generically to refer to festival speeches . . ..[George A.] Kennedy lists what became the traditional elements in such speeches: A panegyric, the t echnical name for a festival speech, consists normally of praise for the god associated with the festival, praise of the city in which the festival is held, praise of the contest itself and of the crown awarded, and finally, praise of the king or officials in charge (1963, 167). However, an examination of panegyric speeches prior to Aristotles Rhetoric reveals an additional characteristic: early panegyrics contained an unmistakeable deliberative dimension. That is, they were openly political in orientation and aimed at encouraging the audience to follow a course of action.(Edward Schiappa, The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece. Yale Univ. Press, 1999) Amplification in Classical PanegyricsOver time, moral virtues came to be seen in Greco-Roman political philosophies as canonical, and panegyrics in both languages were regularly founded on a canon of four virtues, usually justice, courage, temperance and wisdom (Seager 1984; S. Braund 1998: 56-7). Aristotles main rhetorical recommendation is that the virtues be amplified, that is, expanded, by narrative (of actions and achievements) and comparisons (Rh. 1.9.38). The Rhetorica as Alexandrum is less philosophical and more practical in its advice; amplification remains the key ambition for the panegyrist, in an attempt to maximize the positive and minimize the negative content of the speech; and invention is urged, if need be (Rh. Al. 3). Thus from democratic and monarchic contexts, Greece left a substantial and varied endowment of panegyrical material, in prose and verse, serious and light-hearted, theoretical and applied.(Roger Rees, Panegyric. A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, ed. by Wi lliam J. Dominik and Jon Hall. Blackwell, 2007) Cicero on PanegyricsCauses are subdivided into two categories, one that aims at giving pleasure and a second that has as its goal the demonstration of a case. An example of the first type of cause is the panegyric, which is concerned with praise and blame. A panegyric does not establish doubtful propositions; rather it amplifies what is already known. Words should be chosen for their brilliance in a panegyric.(Cicero, De Partitione Oratoria, 46 B.C.)Fulsome PraiseThomas Blount defined panegyric in his Glossographia of 1656 as A licentious kind of speaking or oration, in the praise and commendation of Kings, or other great persons, wherein some falsities are joyned with many flatteries. And in fact panegyrists strove for a double goal, working to popularize imperial policy while hoping to restrain the abuses of power.(Shadi Bartsch, Panegyric. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. by Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001) Pronunciation: pan-eh-JIR-ek