Finance Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance Markets and Risk - Essay Example The intention of this study is systemic risk that is ushered by unforeseen incidents that amplify uncertainty unimaginably and damage the liquidity of the market at a rapid phase. Illiquidity results in â€Å"prices gaps† in respective markets and in the pricing of a particular asset. The related pressure later extends to the liquidity of funding of financial institutions around the world that are assisting those independent markets. Illiquidity in markets sequentially can result in potentially momentous real economic impacts, thus warrant policy action, particularly by central banks. As per IMF (International Monetary Fund), BIS (Bank for International Settlements) and FSB (Financial Standard Board), systemic financial risk is one, which is associated with the peril of risk of disruption to financial services that (a) is happened by a destruction of whole or parts of the financial system and has the probable to have the worst negative outcome for real economy. During Septembe r 2008, AIG borrowed from the Federal Reserve System an $85 billion two-year loan that too at a penalty rate, which has been termed as ever known the rescue of one of the globe’s major insurers. In return for the rescue operation, Fed received a 79.9% of shares in the AIG. At the time, the investment banking arm of AIG witnessed a systemic risk emanating from its credit default swap (CDS) business. The failure of one firm may not impact its rivals as is happening in the most sectors of the economy nor does it result in market failures. However, in the financial sector, there is an impending peril that the breakdown of any major financial market or institution may result in the adverse impacts on the whole financial system more likely. In several associated channels, such systemic risk can be in operation, if there is a mishap in a specific financial institution. All the depositors of a bank will be in panic and will rush to get back their deposits when the depositors lose the ir trust, if a typical bank run occurs. The banking system of a nation as a whole may be in jeopardy if rumour spreads about the fate of the remaining banks of a nation. The bank runs vulnerability can be a reality typically as there will be a maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities. The banking system might have invested in long-term debts like loans to households and businesses, whereas they might have accepted deposits from their customer on the demand basis. Even a healthy bank may have chance to witness a bank run despite the fact that its assets would have more value than its liabilities, but a credit crunch may occur if there is premature withdrawal of deposits suddenly by bank customers. Thus, even a solvent bank can witness a liquidity crunch, despite the fact that the liquidity issues may mirror concerns about bank’s solvency. However, there are some risk-aversion strategies, which are in place like lender-of-last-resort facilities and deposit insuran ce, which make the possibility of bank run as a mirage. Short-term deposits are available from one bank to another bank through interbank transactions, and this occupies sizeable quantum of their business transactions. However, at times of liquidity crunch, associations between banks may witness jolts to proliferate through the system. For instance, Barclays bank has provided short-term credit to ANZ bank, then, concerns of default by ANZ bank might jeopardise to the stability of Barclays bank. Such similitude vulnerabilities are regarded to be one of the main causes why the alarm can spread between banks in such scenarios. In such situations, inter-banking lending will come to a halt due to

The History Of The Bourdieus Sociology Sociology Essay

The History Of The Bourdieus Sociology Sociology Essay Pierre Bourdieu was born in France in 1930 and died in 2002. He is well known for his works in the field of Sociology, Anthropology and Philosophy. He is best known for his theory of class distinction, which he theorised in his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Another theory he worked on was the theory of power and practice, where he dealt with subjects such as Symbolic power and habitus.  [1]   In Bourdieus view, agency and structure constantly sustain power, which is created within a culture and can become symbolic. This happens due to what he refers to as habitus. Habitus represents the norms and rules of society which are used to control peoples behaviour and way of thinking. Habitus is the way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways, which then guide them (Navarro, 2006). Society is the one that creates habitus. The patterns developed can be transferred from a context to another and they change given different circumstances or a different period of time. Habitus is not fixed or permanent, and can be changed under unexpected situations or over a long historical period (Navarro, 2006). Free will and structures interact and give rise to habitus. There is no need for conscious thought or deliberate pursuit of coherence. In addition to habitus, Bourdieu talked about the concept of fields. These refer to several social or institutional networks where people can interact with others, thus showing their different kinds of capital and expressing their dispositions. Networks can be represented by relationships formed among people, relationships based on similarities such as: religion, education, culture. Power is not experienced in the same way in all environments; this means that the context a person is in has a big influence on habitus. Different contexts have an influence on the way people react to power. While a person could not be affected by power in one field, the same person could see it as a challenge in a different one. Bourdieu also talked about a concept he called capital. He elaborated on three types of capital, which go beyond material assets: cultural capital, symbolic capital and social capital. These concepts were presented in Bourdieus book Distinction where he argued that society maintains its order by following the rules of language, values, education, thinking or activities. These norms that people follow lead them to accept without thinking the differences present in society, the hierarchies made and the social inequality surrounding them. The three elements: habitus, capital and field play a central role in Bourdieus theory of Practice. These interact with each other forming the actions of people. A persons dispositions, or habitus, her capital and the fields in which she operates form her action repertoire. Social capital is one of the forms of capital mentioned by Bourdieu in his theories. It can refer to the networks of friends a person has, to the networks of the family or acquaintances or even of contacts. Social capital brings befits to a person by exerting preferential treatment towards in group members. Bourdieus economic capital refers to the material possessions of a person, for instance money and property. Having a low economic capital implies not having as many possessions or chances to afford high priced affairs. A high economic capital means a person owns more material possessions and is able to afford luxurious things. However, having a high economic capital does not mean a person is considered from a higher class. What Bourdieu suggests is that economic capital only combined with cultural capital forms the hierarchy of classes. Cultural capital plays an important role in the hierarchy of society. It is used by higher classes as a way to distinguish themselves from lower classes. It is a form of domination that is not based on economic domination. Instead, taste is the primary weapon of differentiation. Focusing on taste preferences instead of material assets became a method to hide inequality while still maintaining a well-defined line between lower and higher classes. Cultural capital is formed by the cultural knowledge and goods a person possesses. This form of capital includes artistic preferences and taste, educational background, aesthetic taste in fashion or furniture, as well as many others. Bourdieus theory of distinction states that cultural capital is represented by: cultivated disposition, which can be verbal facility, the way in which a person expresses herself in a conversation, but it can also be body posture, manners and general behaviour. Other representatives of cultural capital can be material objects that require specialised knowledge to appreciate, such as sculptures or old pieces of art which are not well-known by the general population. In addition to these, he argues that cultural capital is institutionalised, which refers to the educational background of a person. Attending a high ranked University is usually evidence of a higher level of cultural knowledge. Symbolic capital is closely related to cultural capital and symbolic forms and it refers to recognised legitimation by the society. The place a person occupies in society and the way society responds to that becomes symbolic capital. Being recognised as an influential or knowledgeable person offers one a high symbolic capital. It becomes a source of power which can be used by its holder. When this power is utilised by someone, that person exercised symbolic violence. Symbolic violence represents the imposition of a certain way of thinking upon another person. It imposes social order because it is embedded in peoples unconscious, making them follow the dominant or superior persons way of thinking. Bourdieu argues that social origin and cultural capital are the most important. He claims that although social and economic capital are indeed acquired as time passes, both of them depend on the social origins and cultural knowledge of a person. Another topic Bourdieu elaborated on was Social Illusion. He saw reality as being constituted from a number of roles people follow. Everyone engages and follows their own path in life, similar to how a character from a book follows the storyline. The rules and norms society follows add a sense of reality and help the formation of the social illusion. Like a fictional character, a human being has a beginning- his birth, and an end-his death. The beginning is associated with someones cause, reason to be there while the end reminds of his purpose, the role he managed to play. Bourdieu called this sequence of events biographical illusion. There are some attributes that contour the created illusion. The symbolic power of the sate supports these attributes by giving people dates of birth, citizen numbers, grouping them based on nationalities and sex. People often compare life to a story that is being written as time passes. They see it as a journey in which decisions guide the outcome of t he narration. Bourdieu constructed his theories based on real life circumstances that intrigued him. This means the theories can be tested by others as well, by applying them to a personal context. An example of social networks I am part of would constitute my participation in the Rotaract club. This allowed me to interact with other peers, have conversations in which we exchanged knowledge but which also allowed people to show their cultural capital. Being part of the club requires one to pass through a process of admission, which means that it is necessary for one to possess a certain amount of capital to enter. Once in, how you express your dispositions becomes one of the things other members notice first about you. The norms, or habitus, of the group can soon be observed as being different from the patterns developed in other circumstances. These patterns are assimilated by new members in an unconscious way and create a new way of thinking for that person. The objective experiences one has bec ome subjective, interpreted in different ways by everyone. This social network, or field, constitutes one part of my social capital. In addition to this network, being part of a class in high-school, maintaining a group of friends or even being part of my family is considered a part of my social capital. Similar to my capital, is the social capital of one of my friends. However, attending a different school, being part of a different family and having a different group of friends influences the amount of benefits he could gain from being part of a network. Our systems of dispositions might indeed be similar at a superficial level, given that we both come from the same class, in the same society. However, our acquired schemes of thought and perception differ at a deeper level. Institutional education as well as family education influences the most profound cognitive interactions. I received an education focused on science, which gave me a different way to view the world compared to him, whose education was based on art and music. Little differences come from our economic capital. Comparing all of our possessions would lead to the conclusion that the only difference is him owning some musical instruments. However, the value of these instruments, an acoustic and an electrical guitar, does not put him in a different societal class. The differences in hierarchy, as Bourdieu argued, come from the quality and amount of knowledge one possesses, which form our cultural capital. Taste in food, art, music and literature are good indicators of class. Appreciating exotic food is something in common for both me and my friend. The differences would surface when comparing artistic and musical knowledge. I, for instance, cannot read music; neither can I play any instruments. But, playing the guitar is not an indicator of higher glass. Uncommon, more difficult ones, like piano or violin, are the ones that make the true hierarchy distinctions. Yet, one cannot say that cultural and economic capital are not interconnected. For example, if cultural capital is institutionalized, meaning a high ranked university plays a role in defining the hierarchies, a high economic capital is also needed to be able to afford attending the said institution. Moreover, symbolic capital could also surface from this interaction. The majority of society views high ranking universities as something out of their touch, thus, they offer respect and power to people who got in. Having prestige and power usually means being part of more groups, having more interactions with people. This implies that ones social capital is higher. In conclusion, Bourdieus theories covered most of the components of society. These components interact and form subsystems which, glued together, give rise to the unified society. Social illusion gives people reason and a story to continue. With the use of all different forms of capital, people draw boundaries between them, differentiate themselves from the crowd. But still, society maintains the control through habitus, the norms everyone follows unconsciously. And given that humans are social creatures, they need to interact; Bourdieu presented the fields, which represents the subsystem that allows people to express themselves, to show their dispositions and continue playing their role.

Special Topics In Communications :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication is defined as creating symbol systems that can be used to exchange and express information and meanings. The different ways that individuals, groups and societies use these expressions to make sense of daily life is know as their culture. Culture itself can be divided into two classifications. Culture spelled with a capital C is usually associated with art such as classical music, opera, ballet and art museums. These examples can also be called â€Å"high culture†. Culture with a lowercase c represents the way people live through fashion, sports, religion, education and history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each culture is a different audience. Mass media takes the audience in consideration to provide information that is relevant to them. Media will target people based on age, gender and race to produce programming or text that each will relate to. When the popular teen drama Dawson’s Creek first aired in 1997, I was 17. The program was intended to reach out to my age group on issues that were important to us. For about a year and a half I was a Dawson’s Creek expert, knowing in detail about the characters and the storylines. Soon after high school I grew restless with the show. I realized it no longer appealed to me because I had grown out of the show. The same network has since come out with programs for the college age group that I now watch. Networks know that they must change just as fast as their audience to keep them. There are many types of mass media today that are available to a large number of people on a daily basis. Sources of mass media and mass communications include newspapers, movies, television programs, radio, books and magazines. Of these mediums, the Internet is the fast growing type of mass communication. I first began using America Online in 1999 for chat rooms. I would go in the rooms and talk to people my age that lived in my area. It was a new way to communicate with people about whatever I wanted. I then noticed people using the chat rooms for a source of spreading their ideas about racism, sexism and general malaise. I believe that most output from the Internet is positive. The Internet is a convenient tool for education, news, entertainment, business and personal communication. Although with a resource with large, hate groups are also going to try and spread their message to the masses. Special Topics In Communications :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication is defined as creating symbol systems that can be used to exchange and express information and meanings. The different ways that individuals, groups and societies use these expressions to make sense of daily life is know as their culture. Culture itself can be divided into two classifications. Culture spelled with a capital C is usually associated with art such as classical music, opera, ballet and art museums. These examples can also be called â€Å"high culture†. Culture with a lowercase c represents the way people live through fashion, sports, religion, education and history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each culture is a different audience. Mass media takes the audience in consideration to provide information that is relevant to them. Media will target people based on age, gender and race to produce programming or text that each will relate to. When the popular teen drama Dawson’s Creek first aired in 1997, I was 17. The program was intended to reach out to my age group on issues that were important to us. For about a year and a half I was a Dawson’s Creek expert, knowing in detail about the characters and the storylines. Soon after high school I grew restless with the show. I realized it no longer appealed to me because I had grown out of the show. The same network has since come out with programs for the college age group that I now watch. Networks know that they must change just as fast as their audience to keep them. There are many types of mass media today that are available to a large number of people on a daily basis. Sources of mass media and mass communications include newspapers, movies, television programs, radio, books and magazines. Of these mediums, the Internet is the fast growing type of mass communication. I first began using America Online in 1999 for chat rooms. I would go in the rooms and talk to people my age that lived in my area. It was a new way to communicate with people about whatever I wanted. I then noticed people using the chat rooms for a source of spreading their ideas about racism, sexism and general malaise. I believe that most output from the Internet is positive. The Internet is a convenient tool for education, news, entertainment, business and personal communication. Although with a resource with large, hate groups are also going to try and spread their message to the masses.

Lady Macbeth is not the main driving force behind King Duncan’s murder Essay

In my opinion, Lady Macbeth is not the main driving force behind King Duncan’s murder. The onus for this heinous deed rests with Macbeth himself, as he would have committed this treacherous act even if Lady Macbeth had not goaded him on. When the witches make their predictions, they told Macbeth that he would be Thane of Cawdor and then later King. I firmly believe that these predictions caused Macbeth to start thinking, and thus started a chain of events that ended up with Duncan being murdered. Macbeth’s reaction to the witches’ prophecy was one of fear and agitation. â€Å"Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear things that do sound so fair?† says Banquo. I feel that Macbeth fears the prophecy because he had been thinking about becoming King before. Deep inside him, Macbeth had the ambition to become King, and this is exactly what the witches prophesized and it was as if they had read his mind. This must be the reason the witches had chosen Macbeth, and not Banquo or any other Thane in Scotland. The witches’ prophecy ignited his deep dark ambition, and he starts to think about how he will become King. However, the witches cannot be held responsible for Duncan’s murder because Macbeth already did have the thought of being King before. The thought was already in Macbeth’s head, all the witches did was to act as a catalyst in making him pursue his ambition. Macbeth then becomes â€Å"rapt withal† because, I feel, he starts thinking about the different ways he can become King. One of them was to murder Duncan himself, and this must have been the â€Å"horrid image† Macbeth thinks about. Although this image scares him, it stills raises the question of whether Macbeth really is as noble and loyal a Thane as people say he is. If he were such a noble Thane, why would he think about killing his own King? One important point to mention here is that he is already thinking about killing King Duncan without any intervention of Lady Macbeth, who has not even been introduced into the play. However, Macbeth then decides that since he was made Thane of Cawdor without doing anything, he might become King without having to do much either (â€Å"without my stir†). Macbeth decides that if he becomes King it will be because of sheer good luck, not because he did something to try becoming King. I feel that this decision might have been made because he knows that he is one of the most powerful Thane in Scotland and so expects to be made Duncan’s heir to the throne. However, King Duncan names the heir of his throne to be Malcolm, his elder son, who shall be known as the Prince of Cumberland. It is then that Macbeth decides that he must take some action if he ever hopes to be King. â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland-that is a step, on which I must fall down, or else o’erleap For in my way it lies. Stars hide your fires, Let no light see my black and deep desires,† says Macbeth. This is very much a contrast to the decision he had made of doing nothing against Duncan in the previous scene. His loyalty to his King looses out to his ambition. Lady Macbeth is then introduced into the play when Macbeth sends a letter to her, telling her about the strange events that happened that day, perhaps because he knew that his wife would be there to give him the strength he needed to do anything against the King. Lady Macbeth’s first reaction after reading the letter is that Macbeth is too kind and noble to do anything bad to become King. She knows that Macbeth has the ambition, but she also knows that he would be hesitant to do the evil things to achieve his ambitions. â€Å"Art not without ambition, but without the illness that should attend it,† she says. From the first meeting between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, I can conclude that Lady Macbeth wants to be Queen more than Macbeth wants to be King. Such was her desperation to be Queen that Lady Macbeth was even prepared to call on the evil spirits to make her strong, and she wants to assume masculine qualities â€Å"unsex me here† so that she will not have any womanly weaknesses. She had spoken of pouring her â€Å"valour† into â€Å"Macbeth’s ear, and valour (according to Shakespearean audiences’) is a masculine quality. This would have shocked the audience in the Elizabethan era, because at that time they believed that the universe, the natural world and human society were ordered in one great chain or hierarchy. According to the great chain, women should be weak, and their husbands should rule all wives. However, in this scene, Lady Macbeth is shown to have a lot of mettle, and has a power over her husband. She tells him that people can see right through him. â€Å"Your face, my Thane, is a book where men May read strange matters†. She then tells him to disguise his real thoughts and deceive people into believing something. â€Å"Look like th’ innocent flower, But be the serpent under’t.† Macbeth’s will to murder Duncan wavers because he starts to list the reasons for why he should not stray onto the path of evil. He fears judgment from God and his conscience will haunt him for his entire life. â€Å"Bloody instructions, which being taught return To plague th’ inventor†. He then says that he is Duncan’s â€Å"kinsman and his subject† and should protect Duncan since he is his host, and not â€Å"bear the knife myself.† He says that Duncan is a good, kind and virtuous King and the only thing driving him towards Duncan’s murder is his â€Å"vaulting ambition.† (Macbeth is shown here as being a tragic hero, an otherwise noble and virtuous character who falls due to one particular flaw, ambition. There are many other Shakespearean plays with tragic heroes, such as Othello, which tells a story of a man destroyed by jealousy.) When his wife arrives Macbeth tells her that he will not murder Duncan. (â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business†) This depicts Macbeth’s confused state of mind and his vacillation whether or not to assassinate Duncan. Here, Lady Macbeth shows her deep resolve and when she persuades and manipulates Macbeth into killing Duncan. She accuses him of cowardice and lack of love for her. â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem.† She claims that he was drunk when he promised her he would kill Duncan (although nowhere has the audience actually seen Macbeth promise this). She even says that she would dash the brains of her very own child if she had promised to, and so Macbeth should also be loyal to his promise. â€Å"Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you Have done this† These words from Lady Macbeth suggest that she is less moral than Macbeth and even evil. While she sees nothing wrong in Duncan’s murder, Macbeth, despite his deep ambition, fears the consequences of his immoral deeds. Another reason for not killing Duncan was because he was afraid of getting caught, and not because he wished to remain loyal. Getting caught would jeopardize his chances of becoming King forever. â€Å"If we should fail?† is what he asks Lady Macbeth. After Lady Macbeth formulates a plan, which impresses Macbeth and he says â€Å"Bring forth men-children only.† Macbeth is convinced that this plan was foolproof, and he succumbs to his ambition and proceeds to murder Duncan. This reveals that he wanted to kill Duncan all along, and was just waiting for the right opportunity to present itself. The moment Lady Macbeth came up with a plan, he readily agreed. Lady Macbeth believed that this was the time to murder Duncan without getting caught, and this is what she made Macbeth believe. If Lady Macbeth had not been there Macbeth would has probably stuck to his decision of not killing Duncan at that time but he would have killed Duncan later. He says this in the end of the scene- â€Å"I am settled and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat.† He even starts making plans of what to do with the daggers after he murders Duncan- â€Å"When we mark with blood those sleepy two.† Fate was also playing its hand at making Macbeth feel that it was his destiny to kill Duncan when Macbeth starts hallucinating and sees a dagger, leading him to Duncan’s room. (â€Å"Is this dagger which I see before me?†) It shows that fate also played its role in trying to push Macbeth into murdering his King. Later, Act Two Scene Two we see Lady Macbeth waiting for Macbeth, who has left to murder Duncan. It is then when she says that she would have killed Duncan herself if he hadn’t looked like her father sleeping. Lady Macbeth did not have the courage to kill someone who looked like her father. â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t,† says Lady Macbeth. This tells us that she is not as brave and courageous as she made herself sound before, and still had some womanly weaknesses. This would have made Elizabethan audiences feel that although Lady Macbeth is evil and is stronger than her husband in some aspects, she is still the dutiful daughter she should be. This father-daughter relationship was considered very important at that time, and they were also very important in Shakespearean plays. There are many other examples of father daughter relationships in other plays written by Shakespeare, such as Othello and King Lear. When Macbeth arrives after killing Duncan he starts wavering again, he was worried about the consequences of him murdering murder. He was afraid of being judged by God for the evil he had done. Macbeth deeply regrets killing Duncan, and this was his immediate reaction, so he probably never wanted to. This is shown when Macbeth hears the Thanes knocking on Duncan’s bedroom door- â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking. I would thou couldst.† There is also a marked contrast between the reaction of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth once they both have Duncan’s blood on their hands. Macbeth starts going mad with guilt from the sight of the blood, while Lady Macbeth just tells him to wash it off, as if nothing happened. She said that â€Å"My hands are of your colour; but I shame To wear a heart so white.† From the murder onwards all the devious plots and plans were made by Macbeth and not Lady Macbeth. He is the one who kills Banquo, because he knows that Banquo suspects him of foul play. (â€Å"To be thus is nothing, But to be safely thus.†). This shows that Macbeth is also quite evil and black hearted and will do anything to be King. From the murder onwards Macbeth is the real driving force and not Lady Macbeth. In conclusion the final responsibility for his actions rests with Macbeth himself. The witches’ predictions did stroke his ambition and Lady Macbeth egged him on to commit acts of perfidy. However Macbeth always had a choice. Witches had predicted that Banquo’s sons would be Kings. Banquo chose to do nothing- leaving matters to fate. Macbeth became Thane of Cawdor by being a loyal subject and he could have chosen to remain so until his destiny ordained him King. He could have easily said that since he was destined to be King it would somehow happen anyway. Instead he chose to murder his King and arranged to kill his best friend. His ambition drives him to rule as a tyrant, and he chose to abandon his former path of duty and honour – which ultimately leads to his downfall and tragic end.   

Are Teachers Born or Made? Essay

MARKET MODEL is the classification of market meaning, it has more buyers and sellers . Charles Darwin an English nationalist, once said that in the struggle for survival, the fittest win out, on the expense of their rivals because they have succeeded in adapting themselves best to their environment. This means competition is much more intense in the business, market place where different people compete with each other in order to emerge on the top and make more profits. This essay will discuss monopolistic competition which is the market structure in which there is a relatively large number of producers offering the similar but differentiated products. (Roger Leroy Miller 2000) in businesses competition is important where different people like in the question, (Chinese and Indians ) compete with each other in order to emerge on the top and make more profits. this essay will discuss monopolistic and its associated benefits . Firstly each of the entry and exodus (Roger Leroy miller) fo r any †¦..element monopolistic competitor , potential competition is always in the background, since sellers in monopolistic competition worry of losing business. This type of market helps firms to enter and exit a particular firm without facing problems. The entry and exit of a firms helps to sustain completion since the entry firms can come with new ideologies that can sustain business of the country. Entry increases the number of products from which customers can choose hence reducing the demand faced by each †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Already in the market (N. Gregory , Malawi 2001) consequently when firms are making loss, firms in the market has †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. To exit . as firms exit customers have fewer products from which to chose. Secondly, product differentiation: each firm produces a product that is at least slightly different from the other firms, i.e. rather than a price taker, each faces a downward sloping demand curve. (N. Gregory, Malawi 2001) Monopolistically competitive firms turn out variations of a particular product, i.e. they produce product with slightly different physical characteristics (McConnell Bruce 2008) for example Chinese goods are slightly different from Indians, goods like luxury goods are clothes and shoes . Firstly number of firms, each firm has small percentage of the local market and limited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Over market t price. The presence large number of firms ensures that collusion by group of forms to restrict output and set prices is unlikely (McConnell Bruce 2008) independent action with numerous firms in an industry. Create no feeling of independence among them. Each firm can determine its own pricing policy without considering the possible reaction of rival firms. With so many sellers, each seller has a relatively small share of the total market (McConnell Bruce 2008) this makes the circulation of money very easily as no one will regard other person having more money than him. Example can be of chinese and Indians. However monopolistic competition has many benefits that can contribute to the development of the country. The following are some of the benefits . To begin with, it fosters innovation. Competition in business facilitates sellers to sell new things that change the lives of people. For instance, they sell goods like torches, radios that can soften the lives of people at the same time lead to the development of the country. Further more, availability of resources. Whenever there is competition the resource availability take place. The availability of goods and services creates economic growth that can lead to unlimited wants of consumers hence leads to the development of the country. I.e. if resource are available, it lead the country to develop, since the activities like infrastructures occur.

Essay on Monday Morning Essays

Essay on Monday Morning Essays Essay on Monday Morning Essay Essay on Monday Morning Essay My Monday Morning On paper, my work experience placement sounded great. I would be sitting in on interviews, answering telephones and various other things that will keep me not only occupied but also interested for a whole week. Nevertheless, as the rain pounded on the car windscreen, a grave feeling bubbled in the darkest pit of my stomach. What ifs? dominated my thoughts. What if they dont like me? What if all I do is make coffee? What if I wasnt as good as expectations? I even worried about what to wear. Mum bravely marched around Watford shopping centre with me the previous Saturday, but the trip was pretty much in vain. Claire and I took a deep breath and stepped out of my mums car. Claire, a friend from school, was working in Marks and Spencers, which was opposite my work experience placement at Office Angels. I felt as though I was lucky, I could barely stand five minutes in Marks and Sparks, let alone a week. I said good-bye to Claire and arranged to meet her for lunch at a nearby cafi. The narrow staircase up to the office felt almost like the green mile. I climbed all the way to the top, but I saw no signs for Office Angels. I walked into the nearest office and asked were it was. Clumsily I had walked straight passed the desired door on the first floor. I walked in shaking slightly. Oblivious of where to go, I stood aimlessly in the doorway. A tall blond woman stood up and greeted me she introduced herself as Sarah. I explained who I was and her expression turned cheery. I was quickly introduced to the rest of the six staff; Kes, my supervisor and branch manager; Stacy, the new girl; Kerry, the permanent placement consultant who always seemed to be giving me evil glances down her particularly large nose; Andrew, the temporary (or temps) placement consultant; and Heather, the general consultant. I was then quickly shown the kitchen, fire exit and meeting point. I was then immediately shown a huge mountain of papers, it almost reached the low ceiling of the office! These are the files that contain everyone that we work with, as you can see there is a file for each letter of the alphabet. Now we have been saving you these, (pointing to the mountain) I would expect that it would take you till the end of the day. Said Sarah. I stood there dumbstruck looking at her, hoping that it was some sort of joke. I could barely reach the top. I would need mountain climbing equipment if anything else were to be put on top. You can use that little desk there in the corner, we dont want you hurting your back. The small desk was about half the size of an average school desk, it had a small chair that was definitely looking as though it was on its last legs, facing a grey wall, but the table was the least of my problems as I watched the mountain of paper tremble. I sat at the table and felt as thought I was a dunce who had been forced into the corner with extra homework! Where on Earth am I going to start? I thought. So I sat on the carpet where there was space and started a pile for the people with surnames beginning with A, B, C, D I took up most of the space around Kes desk. I had to lean over the papers, after a while my back began a steady throb. I couldnt believe it, it suddenly dawned on me, I wasnt going to be answering phone, or sitting in on interviews. I was going to be the office dogsbody, doing all the jobs no-one else wanted to do, they were using work experience as an excuse to use child labour! I left for lunch at 1 Oclock in a foul mood, I still had a great deal of filing still to do. I really wanted to know if Claire had done any better. I searched high and low, I went into to Marks and Spencer, but she was no-where to be seen. So now I couldnt have a good old moan with her! I bought a sandwich and went back to the small kitchen at Office Angles. Alone, I read the local paper absentmindedly. The afternoon was much like the morning, but I made more coffee! Nothing changed as the days went on. I filed a bit more; filed on the computer; filed filing cabinets; was told I had been told to file the wrong things; and filed in the storeroom! I loathed the storeroom the most. Not only was it hot, but it was so secluded, I couldnt even watch the array of people that floated in and out of the office. Files would fall on my head and the dust would set into my clothes. I had never been so bored. Maths was beginning to sound more interesting! Claire was doing no better; she was stacking shelves and folding clothes. Like me, every time she tried to strike up a conversation, she was interrupted by phone calls, clients or other members of staff. Every day when we were going home we both contemplated never going back. Finally Friday, the last day came. I knew that today would be a bit more enjoyable. As part as the company marketing program, the company would offer the temps a packed lunch. I was sent off to Marks and Spencers straight away. I was given instructions to buy 60 sandwiches. I practically cleared the shelves! I was frequently given snide remarks and queried looks. Luckily Claire was there to help me, all those sandwiches filled a shopping trolley. The four large bags containing the sandwiches ripped and dug into my hands as I carried them up the now-familiar staircase. I spent the rest of the morning preparing lunches. Then it was time for the road trip. Heather and I stumbled along Hemel Hempstead High Street, heavily laden with Marks and Spencer bags. It seemed miles before we got to Heathers little Volkswagen. As I stepped into the car I was overwhelmed by the stench of cigarettes. This was not surprising, all the girls in the office were heavy smokers. I felt sick, and did do for the rest of the trip around the industrial estate. Whilst Heather got out of the car to go inside the grand office buildings and deliver the lunches, I opened the side window desperately to try and get some fresh air! The industrial estate in Hemel Hempstead is very vast. We got lost several times, and passed the very last building we wanted more than once, whilst we put together what little navigational skills we had. Finally it was time for us to return to the office. With no more lunches left to deliver, Heather was left free to light up one of her foul cigarettes. She took one long, pleasurable, swig and offered me one. I had to try hard not to turn up my nose in disgust as the fumes started to fill the car. Instead, I told her a story I had read about lung cancer and what happens when you get it, I did not spare any gruesome detail. Heather gave me a quizzical look and flung the cigarette out of the open window! So what did you learn from work experience? Mr Powell asked apprehensively. Mr Powell, my deputy head of house at school had taken a handful of my class into a nearby geography room. Some exhaled deeply, others all of a sudden perked up, which was almost unheard of from most teenagers on Monday mornings! We all waited for our turn to describe our week excitedly, or moan excessively. I wasnt the only one who felt was cheated out of an experience. When I think back, I dont think I learnt much at all. From all the filing, I now know the alphabet back to front, and how to make various types of coffee and tea, but that will not help me in the future. I now realise that I cannot just leave school without anything, or face having to be the coffee girl or file girl again. I am going to try so much harder, I cant afford to rely upon my terrible memory, I am going to have to sit down and do the most mind-numbing pastime known to teenagers, I am going to revise!

Cry The Beloved Country Essays (703 words) - Cry, Free Essays

Cry The Beloved Country Essays (703 words) - Cry, Free Essays Cry The Beloved Country 1. This of course is an ever-popular book report book because it is so essential. That is why I chose it. 2. Stephen Kumalos village of Ndotsheni, on the east coast of Africa, is the setting of this novel. 3. Cry the beloved country, by Alan Paton, is a book which tells the story of how James Jarvis, a wealthy estate owner who, because of his own busy life, had to learn of the social degradation in South Africa through the death of his only son. If Arthur Jarvis had never been killed, James Jarvis would never have been educated by his sons writings. One of the first things that James learns of his son, and his views, he learns in Arthurs' room. In reading his writings, James finds that Arthur would have risked anything to help other people, and ended up doing just that. James finds that his son was well researched on the problems of their society, and was interested in helping the development of the social structure in South Africa. From the pictures of Jesus and Lincoln on his wall, James discovered the admiration Arthur had for these two men. These were men of action, who showed love for their friends, and at the same time, their enemies. These two men suffered and died for their beliefs, as did Arthur in a way, this is showing Arthurs' father what a great man his son was by comparison, and similarity to others. This revelation shows Arthurs concern for humanity. After the discovery of his sons views through all of his writings, James begins to realize the problem, and starts to think of the problems of others before his own. Following his sons Death and the acquaintance of Stephen, James donates 1000 pounds to the African boys club. Jarvis is not just giving gifts in memory of his son, or just to give, but giving those who need help ways to help themselves. When James gave the money to the club, he didn't just decide to give it to them, but knew that if he gave it, the club would use it to improve the countrys condition. In all of his donations, James uses t his subtle method to emancipate the blacks. Using his sons views again, James decides to do something about Kumalos' village, which is falling apart. This task is a fairly large one. He first provides milk for the village kids, who only have warm water to drink, and then he builds a church. The rain in Ndotsheni is a bit of foreshadowing of hope for The village, and maybe of what is to come. Through James' education, we learn the similarities between Mr. Jarvis and Kumalo. When we first meet Jarvis, the setting is much the same as when we met Stephen. They both live in the farming areas of South Africa, and they share the love for the land, and what is in their lives. They each are married with one son who they know nothing about, and both are forced to come to terms with the guilt of the whites by the same occurrence. After they both lose their sons, they have a need to understand them, although all that is left are the memories. They each learn of the problems in South Africa Thro ugh their sons, and after the realization, they both try to do Something to improve the social, and racial differences which plague Johannesburg. 4. Stephen Kumalo is a native priest who attempts to reconstruct the disintegrating tribe and his own family. He gains a great awareness of many facets of life by going on a journey. He is a humble person. James Jarvis is a wealthy landowner whose son is murdered. Msimangu is a parish priest in the city who unselfishly helps Stephen, and who wrote Kumalo about Gertrudes plight. 5. I would have better explained the title. 6. When the son dies, because it was so dramatic. 7. This book is about human nature. How racial views can affect other people in different ways. 8. I would cast Sean Connery as Kamulo, Matt Damon as Msimangu, and Scrooge as James Jarvis. 9. The Beloved Country 10. 8

Odile Decq, French Architect for the 21st Century

Odile Decq, French Architect for the 21st Century Odile Decq (born July 18, 1955, in Laval, east of Brittany in France) and Benoà ®t Cornette have been called architectures first rock and roll couple. Attired in Gothic black, Decqs nontraditional personal appearance fit well with the couples curious delight in architectural experimentation with space, metals, and glass. After Cornette was killed in a 1998 automobile accident, Decq continued their rebellious architecture and urban planning business. On her own, Decq continues to win awards and commissions, proving to the world that she was always an equal partner and a talent in her own right. Plus shes kept the funky look and black attire all these years. Decq earned a Diploma in Architecture from the Ecole dArchitecture de Paris-La Villette UP6 (1978) and a Diploma in Urbanism and Planning from Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris (1979). She practiced in Paris alone and then in 1985 in partnership with Benoà ®t Cornette. After Cornettes death, Decq ran Odile Decq Benoà ®t Cornette Architectes-Urbanistes (ODBC Architects) for the next 15 years, rebranding herself in 2013 as Studio Odile Decq. Since 1992, Decq has maintained a relationship with Ecole Spà ©ciale dArchitecture in Paris as a teacher and director. In 2014, Decq was not intimidated to launch a new school of architecture. Called Confluence Institute for Innovation and Creative Strategies in Architecture and located in Lyon, France, the architecture program is built around the intersection of five thematic fields: neurosciences, new technologies, social action, visual art, and physics. The Confluence program, melding old and new topics of study, is a curriculum by and for the 21st century. Confluence is also an urban development project of Lyon, France, where the rivers Rhone and Saone join. Above and beyond all of the architecture designed and built by Odile Decq, the Confluence Institute may become her legacy. Decq claims to have no particular influence or master, but she does appreciate architects and their works, including Frank Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe. She says ...they were inventing what they called the free plan, and I was interested in this idea and how you pass through a plan without having different articulated space.... Particular buildings that have influenced her thinking include Convent of La Tourette (Lyon France) by Le CorbusierLa Sagrada Familia (Barcelona, Spain) by Antoni Gaudà ­A concrete tower at the Jewish Museum (Berlin, Germany) by Daniel Libeskind Sometimes I am just impressed by buildings, and I am jealous about ideas expressed through these structures. Source of quotation: Odile Decq Interview, designboom, january 22, 2011 [Accessed July 14, 2013] Selected Architecture: 1990: Banque Populaire de lOuest (BPO) administration building, Rennes, France (ODBC)2004: L. Museum in Neuhaus, Austria2010: MACRO Museum of Contemporary Art, new wing, Rome, Italy2011: Phantom Restaurant, first restaurant in Garniers Paris Opà ©ra House2012: FRAC Bretagne, Museum for Contemporary Art, Les Fonds Rà ©gionaux dArt Contemporain (FRAC), Bretagne, France2015: Saint-Ange Residence, Seyssins, France2015: Confluence Institute School of Architecture, Lyon, France2016: Le Cargo, Paris In Her Own Words: I try to explain to young women that practicing architecture is really complicated and its very hard, but its possible. I discovered early on that to be an architect you have to have a little bit of talent and a maximum of determination and not focus on the complications.- A conversation with: Odile Decq, Architectural Record, June 2013,  © 2013 McGraw Hill Financial. All Rights Reserved. [Accessed July 9, 2013] Architecture, in a certain sense, is a war. Its a tough profession where you always have to fight. You have to have great stamina. I kept going because I started working as a team with Benoà ®t who helped, supported and pushed me to go my own way. He treated me as an equal, strengthened my own resolve to assert myself, follow my own inclination and be as I wanted to be. I also tell students and repeat at conferences that you need a good dose of recklessness to go down the road of architecture because if you are too aware of the difficulties the profession entails, you might never begin. You have to keep fighting but without really knowing what the fight is. Very often this recklessness is considered folly. Thats wrong; its pure recklessness – something that is socially acceptable for men, but not yet for women.- Interview with Odile Decq by Alessandra Orlandoni, The Plan Magazine, October 7 2005[theplan.it/J/index.php?optioncom_contentviewarticleid675%3Ainte%0Arvista-a-odile- decq-Itemid141langen accessed July 14, 2013] ...stay curious all your life. To discover, to think that the world is nourishing you, and not only architecture, but the world and society around you is nourishing you, so you have to be curious. You have to always be curious about what will happen in the world later, and to be hungry for life, and to enjoy even when its hard work....you have to be able to take risks. I want you to be courageous. I want you to have ideas, to take a position....- Odile Decq Interview, designboom, january 22, 2011 [Accessed July 14, 2013] Learn More: Odile Decq Benoà ®t Cornette by Clare Melhuish, Phaidon, 1998Architecture in France by Philip Jodidio, 2006 Additional Sources: Studio Odile Decq website at www.odiledecq.com/; RIBA International Fellows 2007 Citation, Odile Decq, RIBA website; Odile Decq Benoà ®t Cornette - ODBC : Architects by adrian welch / isabelle lomholt at e-architect; ODILE DECQ, BENOIT CORNETTE, Architectes, Urbanistes, Euran Global Culture Networks; Designer Bio, Beijing International Design Triennial 2011 [Websites accessed July 14, 2013]

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and How It Affected Education Essay

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and How It Affected Education - Essay Example The act suggested the following changes; Annual Testing: States were required to begin testing students from grades three to eight annually on reading, mathematics and science by 2008. These tests had to follow state academic standard. Moreover, in order to compare the states, every state was required to present a sample of fourth and eighth graders to participate in the National Assessment of Educational Progress testing program. Academic Progress: In order to monitor the progress of an educational institution, â€Å"states were required to bring all students up to the "proficient" level on state tests by the 2013-14 school year. Individual schools had to meet state "adequate yearly progress" targets† ("No child left," 2004). Report Cards: From the start of 2002-2003 school year, states were required to provide annual report cards of school districts that would show a wide range of information on the performance of schools and achievements of students. Teacher Qualifications: The qualification of teachers for schools was set on a standard basis and by 2005-2006 school year, all the teaching faculty hired had to have â€Å"completed at least two years of college, obtained an associate's degree or higher, or passed an evaluation to demonstrate knowledge and teaching ability.† ("No child left," 2004) Reading First: This act created a grant program called â€Å"Reading First† to help states organize â€Å"â€Å"scientific, research based† reading programs for children in grades K-3 (with priority given to high-poverty areas)† ("No child left," 2004). Funding: The act was primarily meant for school districts with higher concentration of underprivileged students. The states were given flexibility in allocating resources for the programs they were required to initiate. The act was subject to hot debate since its enactment as people from the education sector were concerned with its feasibility. The controversial debate rose to an iss ue that had to be addressed. The act has its ups and downs. The comparison of its pros and cons can enable us to critically analyze the depth of its impact. The act affected the education system in many positive ways. Factors that affected the US education system positively are the necessary components of a good assessment system. First and foremost is the accountability factor. The act held teachers and states accountable for the development and progress of the students. Report cards and Academic-progress monitoring were specifically conditioned for this purpose. The ultimate purpose of this act was to improve the education by bringing in the necessary reforms such as â€Å"reading first† and â€Å"annual testing†. This act provided equal opportunity to students, implying that every student could participate in his/her own intellectual development through the initiated programs. Another lucrative factor of this act was the standard for teachers to enter the teaching p rofession. Teachers have to pass a certified test (GACE) in order to teach. As a result of this clause the quality of teaching has improved. With the help of report cards, schools were graded relative to the adequate yearly progress target. If these schools fail to achieve the set target for two years straight, students would be offered choices of other public schools and if a school fails to achieve the set target for continued years than it can even face correctional measures. The last mentionable

Decreasing the frequency of patient falls Article

Decreasing the frequency of patient falls - Article Example Falls are associated either with intrinsic (person risk) factor or external environmental conditions (Palmer, 2011). This paper present review of some studies done to ascertain the various causes of falls among older persons, the effect of and relationship between drug prescription and falls and also it will highlight the preventive measures that can be used to reduce incidences of falls. Falls are considered common clinical problems mostly associated with elderly nursing home residents maybe as a result of external environmentally related factors or intrinsic factors (Hill et al., 2009). Again, most reported emergency injury-related casualties resulted from falls. Different scholars have postulated different causes of falls some of which are associated with person factors such as physiological changes and pathological conditions (Palmer, 2011; Hill et al., 2009). While others have associated environmental conditions as the main contributing factors for risks of falling among elderly people. Such environmental conditions include slippery floors, poor lighting or maybe faulty equipment (Farmer, 2003). The theme of the study got its founding gist from the fore-mentioned causes of the falls among the elderly people who are the residents in the nursing homes (Hill, et al., 2009). The study sort to explore the different myths postulated as the causes of falls, namely the person risk factors (intrinsic) and environmental related causes and then get interaction of the two mentioned factors (Palmer, 2011). The study was done from the perspective of the nursing staffs that are mandated with the task of assisting the elderly nursing home residents (Hill, et al., 2009). The caregivers for these elder people in nursing home forms rich resource persons since they are the people closely interacting with the nursing home residents (Farmer, 2003). According to the study done by

Information policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information policy - Essay Example â€Å"Children today are ‘digital natives’. They have grown up with computers and the internet and they spend a good deal of time online while at school and at home† (Conroy, p.1) Children are mostly vulnerable especially at their adolescent period. They were not much enough to separate between the good and evils during this period. The thirst for new knowledge will encourage them to experiment things which may potentially harmful to the society. Internet is an ocean of knowledge from where the children may get the wanted and unwanted information. It is difficult to control the internet activities fully because of its usefulness in the modern learning processes. The growth of incidents like online identity theft; cyber-bullying; abuse of child avatars in virtual worlds; computer addiction; an increase in the number of registered profiles of sex offenders on MySpace; and online breaches of privacy such as the posting of sexual photos and sex videos by students are some of the criminal activities associated with internet. (Conroy, p.1)The Australian government has recently suggested a policy of controlling the internet activities or internet filtering which has raised a hot debate among the Australian public. The Australian government has recently suggested a policy of controlling the internet activities or internet filtering which has raised a hot debate among the Australian public. (Maurushat & Watt) Supporter of internet filtering argues that such a move is necessary protect the country’s political, social and cultural interests while the opponents reject such an argument saying that the government’s move may limit the freedom of expression by the public. (Maurushat & Watt) â€Å"Labor considers that, just as we teach Australian children about the risks of drunk driving, we must also teach them how to be responsible cyber-citizens and about the importance of cyber-safety.† (Conroy, p.1) It is

Integrated Communication Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Integrated Communication Marketing - Assignment Example The most influencing method is the one that converts potential customer to an actual customer (Castronovo and Huang). Event based marketing is the method that has influenced most on the purchasing decision. The reason is attention gained by the sellers and also the right customers being targeted through the well designed events. The method is though costly as compared to other ones but is accurate. The methods that are very common, spamming and random are least influencing methods (Castronovo and Huang). Such methods include email marketing which does not necessarily target the potential customers and the people usually ignore such marketing messages. More than the method, the designed message and the way render it most or least influencing. Mobile marketing influenced once resulting in purchase decision. The message was about the internet package being offered by the marketing personnel. However it was a random message but hit the head’s nail. At another instance at a sports event, the message regarding soccer kit resulted in purchase

Research Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Proposal - Coursework Example The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is the legislative solution to the ethical scandals, such as Enron, Tyco, Qwest, Global Crossing, and WorldCom, involving accounting irregularities and fraud (Stephan, 2007). This Act implements extensive changes to public accounting and corporate laws, and also expands corporate governance extending the responsibilities of senior executives and board members. SOX has changed the current business environment. In the past business ethics was viewed as important (Bies & Forte, 2010). Now, business ethics is mandatory, but where is the map for business managers to follow? SOX mandates ongoing comprehensive ethics programs, but does not give clear exact criteria, leaving the responsibility of education and training employees in ethics up to the organization (Stephan, 2007). In order to provide all stakeholders in corporate America assurance around ethical behavior, further research is needed. The foundation of this dissertation is Kohlberg's Cognitive Moral Development theory, which will be used to determine whether age, gender, and education influence an individual's ethical decision-making capability. This study will compare the moral value of finance and accounting professionals who had ethical training with finance and accounting professionals who have not had ethical training, based on gender, age and education level. Brief Literature Review Finance and accounting professionals must resolve financial problems with the highest of ethical standards. Both finance professionals and accountants have developed codes or standards for guidance in performing their fiscal duties. The National Commission on Fraudulent Reporting concluded that written codes are important for communicating expectations and that more corporations should adopt a code of conduct (Rich, Smith, & Mihalek, 1990). However, Rich et al. conducted a study of selected respondents from the National Association of Accountants' database. Rich et al. found that for th e performance measure net income, there was pressure on the respondents to achieve a targeted net income, and the pressure was greater in companies with a formal code. For a second performance measure, return on investment (ROI), there was pressure to achieve a specific ROI in those companies with a formal code. Since there was no evidence that a written code of conduct helps an individual resolve ethical dilemmas, the authors suggested companies focus on creating an ethical environment. The inability of a code of conduct to solve ethical behavior problems is evident in the investment profession, specifically regarding insider trading violations. In a study using members of the Financial Executives Institutes, it was found "ethics in the securities markets" is of the greatest concern (Veit & Murphy, 1996). Verschoor (2004) reported that Enron and the scandals which followed were a failure of ethical behavior and not of inadequate laws and regulations. He emphasizes moral behavior ca n not be legislated. Corporate leaders should have a record of building a culture for doing the right thing (Verschoor, 2004). Senior leadership set the ethical standards that management will follow. When there is no clear guideline, individual judgment based on personal moral and personal ethical codes are used (Smith & Bain, 1990). The research of Sims and Keon (1999, 2000) support the conclusion that perceived organizational

Community Event Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Event Assignments - Essay Example The speaker also explained the deep meaning embedded behind this sacrificial ritual. The story of prophet Ibrahim was narrated really well. Since the event was spread over a long span of time, the members arranged for a time to read the Dhuhr (noon-prayer), Asr (after-noon prayer) and Maghrib prayers (evening prayer). These prayers are 3 of the 5 prayers that every Muslim is expected to read every single day. There was also a Henna session for the female students. During this session, intricate designs using henna was drawn on the palms of the willing female students. The henna designs are known as mehendi in the Muslim culture. Food was served up along with some dessert. A Muslim trivia was also arranged for during which questionnaires revolving Muslim traditions, history and culture were asked through which we gained a lot of more information and facts about Islam. The day ended with a cleaning up session after which we all returned home feeling much satisfied that we had the chanc e to come so close to such a rich yet misunderstood culture. I am glad that I had the opportunity to attend the community event. ... In fact, I believe that young Muslims Americans, like those who organized the event, can decrease the negativity between their culture and the West. American Islam dates back when slaves were brought from around the world to America but since they were freed the American Islam population was completely forgotten. We all are aware that immigrant Muslim population and American Muslim population are fast increasing in numbers and since Muslim students need to keep their cultural background intact as well as merge into the secular Western culture, this community event was an endeavor to accomplish just that1. The event was a nice platform for Muslim as well as Non-Muslim interaction. While the Muslim students had the chance of understanding the cultural and communal strength and the real meaning of Islam, the non-Muslim visitors gained an unforgettable experience. Since American Islam has to thrive among hostile population there are times when American Muslims are not valued, which leads to a feeling of dejection and abandonment. However this community event brought together so many like-minds to discuss about their feelings. I feel that I learnt a lot about cultural pluralism. An African-American poet had said-â€Å"Diversity makes for a rich tapestry and we should understand that all threads have the same value.† Somehow, in present day America, the American Muslims and the immigrant population are on the verge of losing their identity and I was not sure if they are recognized that well. Some studies even suggest that Muslim children often try to hide their real identity among fellow American students, but when I first came to this community event I immediately realized that the work the ASSOC was up to was incredible because they strived to keep their

Research Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Proposal - Coursework Example The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is the legislative solution to the ethical scandals, such as Enron, Tyco, Qwest, Global Crossing, and WorldCom, involving accounting irregularities and fraud (Stephan, 2007). This Act implements extensive changes to public accounting and corporate laws, and also expands corporate governance extending the responsibilities of senior executives and board members. SOX has changed the current business environment. In the past business ethics was viewed as important (Bies & Forte, 2010). Now, business ethics is mandatory, but where is the map for business managers to follow? SOX mandates ongoing comprehensive ethics programs, but does not give clear exact criteria, leaving the responsibility of education and training employees in ethics up to the organization (Stephan, 2007). In order to provide all stakeholders in corporate America assurance around ethical behavior, further research is needed. The foundation of this dissertation is Kohlberg's Cognitive Moral Development theory, which will be used to determine whether age, gender, and education influence an individual's ethical decision-making capability. This study will compare the moral value of finance and accounting professionals who had ethical training with finance and accounting professionals who have not had ethical training, based on gender, age and education level. Brief Literature Review Finance and accounting professionals must resolve financial problems with the highest of ethical standards. Both finance professionals and accountants have developed codes or standards for guidance in performing their fiscal duties. The National Commission on Fraudulent Reporting concluded that written codes are important for communicating expectations and that more corporations should adopt a code of conduct (Rich, Smith, & Mihalek, 1990). However, Rich et al. conducted a study of selected respondents from the National Association of Accountants' database. Rich et al. found that for th e performance measure net income, there was pressure on the respondents to achieve a targeted net income, and the pressure was greater in companies with a formal code. For a second performance measure, return on investment (ROI), there was pressure to achieve a specific ROI in those companies with a formal code. Since there was no evidence that a written code of conduct helps an individual resolve ethical dilemmas, the authors suggested companies focus on creating an ethical environment. The inability of a code of conduct to solve ethical behavior problems is evident in the investment profession, specifically regarding insider trading violations. In a study using members of the Financial Executives Institutes, it was found "ethics in the securities markets" is of the greatest concern (Veit & Murphy, 1996). Verschoor (2004) reported that Enron and the scandals which followed were a failure of ethical behavior and not of inadequate laws and regulations. He emphasizes moral behavior ca n not be legislated. Corporate leaders should have a record of building a culture for doing the right thing (Verschoor, 2004). Senior leadership set the ethical standards that management will follow. When there is no clear guideline, individual judgment based on personal moral and personal ethical codes are used (Smith & Bain, 1990). The research of Sims and Keon (1999, 2000) support the conclusion that perceived organizational

Implementation of the Hand-off Communication Tool Assignment

Implementation of the Hand-off Communication Tool - Assignment Example They typically occur during shift changes. Inadequate communication has been cited as a major cause of medical errors (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). Researchers who were exploring the causes and nature of human error in intensive care settings found out that verbal communication between nurse and physicians contributed to 37% of medical errors (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). In an Australian study, more than 14,000 admissions were investigated. The study revealed that approximately 17% of the cases had an adverse event closely associated to it. Among the 17% of the cases, 11 percent were attributed to communication errors (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). According to TRICARE (2005), the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires that institutions of healthcare ought to implement a standardized approach to handoff communications in an effort to meet the ever growing need of patient safety. Current Scenario The cur rent tool in use has been associated with a number of delays. Nurses would file reports indicating that beds were not ready; patients missed their medication, nurses themselves not being ready and the absence of vital patient information. A questionnaire was submitted to healthcare personnel in an effort determine the cause of the delays. ... In other clinical nursing scenarios, many errors have been identified that have resulted from communication problems. For instance omission of critical information as a result of poor communication between healthcare personnel, miscommunication that has results in misunderstanding of information, inability of the receiving nurse to contact the ongoing nurse due to communication problems, use of communication tools like reports that often become too routine and result in loss of focus by many healthcare personnel (Ong, &Coiera, 2011). Other problems arising due to absence of standard communication procedure include idle chatting during handoffs that dilutes the importance of handoffs, illegible handwriting in reports, reports with judgmental statements, absence of research on handoffs and data that is in support of best practices, ethnic, cultural and racial barriers which interfere with communication channels, language barriers that frustrate efforts to communicate effectively, and s taff who resist change that comes with implementation of new routines (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). Implementation I pass the baton is a technique that was designed with a primary purpose of streamlining the handoff process and have a well established and standardized means of communication. The main idea behind the use of this tool is to minimize information loss and more importantly ensure that exchange of information occurs in a timely manner and with a high level of accuracy. The culture and needs of a healthcare institution often dictate how the technique will be utilized. I pass the baton stands for I-introduction, P-patient, A- assessment, S-situation, S-safety concerns, B-background, A-actions, T-timing, O-ownership, N-next. This tool requires that a

Stereotypes of gender and female employment

Stereotypes of gender and female employment Gender stereotypes are associated with the phenomenon of female employment in specific job types. This paper in general looks at the nature of stereotyping. Many researchers have documented this issue in their works and hence this paper goes a mile to look at this phenomenon of stereotyping in countries of Africa, Asia and South Africa. It surveys the relevant materials documented on this topic. This presentation will look at the reviews of existing measures on gender stereotyping. This presentation goes a mile further to detail the dynamic concept of gender stereotyping and tries to suggest measures brought in by developing countries can be accommodated. Lastly these presentation analyses the aspect of stereotyping of occupations in the developing countries. Documented evidence of gender stereotyping has been done with many writers and researchers all of them giving vital reasons as to why discussion of occupational segregation on labor market at large. This has been done by many including Hakim (1979), Elia (1988), Anker (1998) and Reskin Hartmann (1986) Occupational isolation occurs when different people participate in different kinds of occupations and there exists rigidity in the mobility of groups or people from one occupation to another. This presentation looks majorly at such occupational segregation which occurs along gender lines. We often find occupations which are termed male or female specific. Women and male workers have been divided and consideration for jobs in each gender group is segregated. Female candidates are not considered for male prioritized jobs and the same for the women. Less demanding and less paying jobs are left for women while men compete for the well paying through which the issue of gender isolation is widely brought out. This kind of segregation reduces efficiency and this is the point where gender stereotyping is evident. Women are concluded in thoughts to be house wife and many still have the generalization that women will still transfer the way they work in the house to the job place. This has lead to differential in wage payment forcing women to be paid in the lower rated jobs while men are paid heavily in the state of high income jobs. Thus, we view a subtle difference between segregation and stereotyping. Occupational segregation exists when men and women are differently distributed across occupations to a degree greater than is consistent with their overall shares of employment, irrespective of the nature of job allocation. Stereotyping is the phenomenon when the occupational segregation persists, maintains itself, and for a period of time continues to enrich itself fully between people. It is a concept that keeps on changing and full of life as compared to segregation which is static in a way. Stereotyping prohibits people to continue doing a job in the same group without changing a vice that has left female workers in a low class as compared to their counterparts. At this point the women remain in a poor state whereas men continue to prosper by advancing in other fields that require resources or opportunities that result out of occupation of such high cadre in the society. A consensus has been yielded that globalization policies in developing countries have devalued the traditional set up of female work which include agriculture in particular agro based and small scale production. This has displaced women form this form of occupation to certain newly created job types. Facts prove also that women specific income and development projects do not receive the same funding of resources and attention hence leading to the concentration of women in marginal economic sectors. For sure concentration of women laborers has risen in ill paid and low skilled jobs living their counterparts in much higher paying jobs. Experiences from East European transition economies also reveal the fact that there is preponderance of over-employment of female labor force in certain employments. These are the jobs with longer working hours, shorter retirement rates, and lower wages. International labor organization studies on women in the labor market disclose the occupational segre gation and the employment problem of the women in transition economies. Absorption of female workers is high in the informal sector activities in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Statistics from South American nations like Brazil, Jamaica and many others show that female laborers are strenuous in low-skilled job groups (Vickers, 1991). Displacement from original spheres of activities for both genders have combined with increasing concentration of female labor in marginal activities like being employed in minimal works at the tail end of the production process in companies. Through this globalization has brought in indirect form of occupational segregation into gender types The simplest measure of occupational segregation has been the sex ratio of the workers employed in the various occupations. If there exists q occupations indicated by x. Mx and Fx indicate respectively the number of male and female workers in the xth occupation, then Sx = Fx/ Mx indicate occupational segregation ratios. Higher Sx means that the particular occupation x has more concentration of females relative to males. Degrees of gender segregation has been defined in order of ascendance of the measure =Sx. Higher values and lower values of the indicator helps to categorize the occupations as exclusively men (EXM), mainly men (M), mixed (MF), mainly women (F) and exclusively women (EXF). This gauge has been used by many researchers successfully (Reskin Hartmann, 1986) to approximate the extent of segregation in different nations across occupations and also across jobs. Occupations are defined as aggregates over the cluster of jobs belonging to the occupation. Empirical data has sh own that occupational segregation can smoothen out the extent of segregation across job types. So sometimes segregation across job types reveal the segregation across occupations. Whatever may be the extent of desegregation, this measure of segregation suffers from the absence of relativity as this does not measure relative concentration of females compared to males in the occupations. Several other models are available but all with an objective to illustrate discrimination against gender. Occupational isolation is thus the main precondition for existence and generation of gender stereotyping. Since it is difficult to get together similar data of worldwide distribution of occupational gender distribution, the work of identifying the emerging stereotype work zones worldwide still remains. However, one can get a feel of the trouble from the data laid done in tables below. The practical figures regarding earnings differential of female and male workers can be taken to be an indication of occupational segregation. This problem is an unrelenting one and also a developing one mostly in the developing countries and the transition economies. The process of globalization has also brought in new occupations and job types in the third world countries. This vice itself as a reinforcing process to create gender stereotypes. There is need to identify areas of existing and emerging stereotypes so that necessary actions can be taken to prevent such labor market rigidity.

Limited Liability Essay -- Business Finance

The term â€Å"Limited liability† is generally used to describe a situation where a person is excused entirely or in part from incurring a debt after taking an action which would have required under the prevailing rules of the legal system that they pay money. The doctrine of limited liability as it relates to corporate law is central to the principle that a company upon incorporation assumes a corporate personality independent of its members. This means that a new legal person is created at law and accordingly has its own assets, liabilities and rights, inter alia, to enter into and be bound by its own contracts. In some respects, the name, â€Å"Limited liability† Company is greatly misunderstood. It is a common faux pas to think that the liability of the company for its various debts is limited and that the doctrine was created as a loophole by which the company can get out of its contractual obligations. This is however not the case as on the occasion of insolvency, a company must liquidate all its assets to meet the demands of the creditors. Where the value of these assets is insufficient, the company will call on the unpaid share capital of its members or the amount which they have agreed to contribute to the assets of the company in an event of it being wound up . It is the liability of these members that is limited and not that of the company. There are also exceptional circumstances where courts will allow creditors pierce the â€Å"corporate veil† making it mandatory for shareholders to satisfy creditors’ claims. Hence for the shareholder, limited liability mea ns participation in a company with limited risk. For the creditor however, it means the very real risk that in the event of bankruptcy he could remain unpaid for g... ...panies and subsidiaries- The corporate veil [1991] company Lawyer 12(1) pp 16-17 Ireland P (2010), â€Å" Limited liability, shareholder rights and the problem of corporate irresponsibility†, Cambridge journal of Economics, vol 34, pp837-856 Ibid Hatfield was one of a long series of fatal rail accidents in which Rail track’s working practices and safety record was implicated. Blankenburg,S and Plesch, D (2007) â€Å"Corporate rights and responsibilities: restoring legal accountability† Retrieved on 12th of February 2012 from http://www.stwr.org/multinational-corporations/corporate-rights and responsibilities- restoring-legal-accountability-html Ireland P (2010), â€Å" Limited liability, shareholder rights and the problem of corporate irresponsibility†, Cambridge journal of Economics, vol 34, pp837-856 ibid ibid

Apologies :: Writing Education Themewriting Essays

Apologies I can't apologize enough for this ugly piece of themewriting. Yes, I admit it, I wrote a standard themewriting paper. I started with a cute little introduction with my thesis sentence at the end of my introductory paragraph. Once I established my thesis statement I backed it up with the three magical points that were neatly wrapped up in three short paragraphs. I ended with a brilliant conclusion that only did what a standard themewriting paper does, I restated my introduction and what I had said in the three paragraphs prior to the conclusion. The whole paper makes me want to throw-up. I could have handed in just my conclusion because it said what the rest of the paper did with less of a waste of paper. I should have known when I read the conclusion that the paper was dung but of course I didn't have the knowledge of expository 220 yet. I learned quite a bit in the twelve weeks that the course offered. I learned how to use the web, how to write solid exposition, and how to rip apart a paper that I thought was "solid" just twelve weeks ago. As I started to look over my paper the first thing that really popped out at me was my need to over-simplify everything. Instead of writing for a college professor my work looked more like a elementary school level expository assignment. I should have followed it up with a "What I did this summer" paper. I was embarrassed that I had wrote at such a level. My grammar was clearly not up to a university standard. I'm not saying that to write simple is wrong but I did so in such a way where, as I look at it now, I could have said a lot more to enhance the paper and really say it in a different manner. As I talk about the simplicity of my former work I'd also really like to state that I had a very over-simplified point. My metaphor for my university education has been over cliched enough already. I didn't offer anything new and really had no real meaning to my paper. Looking back at the assignment I realize now that I didn't put enough thought into what I was writing about, which really s howed in my writing. I should have explored other metaphors before jumping into the first thing that popped into my head.

Difficulties Relating to the Recognition Essay

Introduction: With the development of market economies, knowledge economy and information industry, intangible assets as a necessary part of current business become one of the most important factors leading businesses to a success. In the previous years, people paid more attentions to tangible assets i.e. PPE, inventories, and other tangible assets that can produce future economic benefits. However, nowadays, people recognize that intangible assets would bring enormous benefits than we can expect. In fact, tangible assets, on average, are only 30% of the value of some companies. Especially, in the hi-tech industry, the percentage of intangible assets arrives to 90% in some companies. For instance, the US Microsoft, its book value is lower than GM’s, but its output value and profit is far more than the combination of three subsidiaries of GM. Furthermore, the ratio of intangible asset even reflects the strength of a company and makes the company more competitive. Intangible assets have real vale and are very important to a company’s success, but are much harder to measure and quantify than their tangible counterparts. Therefore, what is the most significant point regarding to intangible asset is to recognize and measure reliably during accounting process thereby evaluating asset or even the value of a corporation more accurately and disclosing the actual information to accounting users. This essay will illustrate difficulties when recognizing and measuring intangibles and concentrating on the process of brand in particular. Difficulty analysis: IAS38 defines an in tangible asset as â€Å"an identifiable, non-monetary asset without physical substance†. It cannot be an intangible asset if an item is not an asset. As an asset, it must be controlled by an entity which also results in expected economic benefits flowing into the entity. Being distinguished from PPE, intangible asset has no physical substance. The feature â€Å"Identifiable† stated in IAS38 is that â€Å"an item is identifiable when it arises from contractual or other legal rights or when it is separable†. When it comes to control, the problem becomes more complicated. An entity could obtain future benefits arising from an intangible; however, whether the item is controlled by the entity firmly or not is not certain. For example, if a company purchase patent by trading contract, this patent controlled legally will bring benefit to the entity, then the patent can be demonstrated as intangible asset. On the other side, staff training expenditure for talents plan is not recognized as intangible asset because the entity cannot control the staff actually if they change jobs to another company even though after training they can generate future benefits for this company. As a result, it is difficult to recognize the intangible asset from its definition. Intangible resources should be recognized as expenses when incurring, if the asset recognition criteria are not met. In the respect of measurement, capitalizing and amortizing intangible assets over their useful lives will affect future benefits, which are believed to follow the principles of prudence and accrual of financial statements. Nevertheless since intangibles are difficult to record materially, the value of financial statements will be declined when doubtful or even non-existing assets happened. Take deferred charge as a example, in some standards, deferred charges (e.g. advertising and promotion costs, R&D costs, organization costs, start-up costs, and legal costs ) can be capitalized, because they are amortized over 1 year period, thus costing the future economic benefits. As for their counterpart, ISAC states that these costs must be expenses, for which reason that â€Å"Once an intangible asset is in working condition, any further costs incurred in relation to that asset are not recognized as part of its cost. Therefore, costs incurred in using or redeploying an intangible asset should be recognized as an expense† (Melville, 2011, P103). When concerning the subsequent expense, it is difficult to distinguish between capitalization and expenses clearly. What should be highlighted here is †brands† which referred in IAS38, â€Å"Expenditure on internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists and items similar in substance cannot be distinguished from the cost of developing the business as a whole. Therefore, such items are not recognized as intangible assets.†Brands are regarded as a type of intangible items where recognition could become possible and even necessary. Difficulties arise when brands are separated by internally and externally generated intangible assets. Internally generated tangible assets are â€Å"those which have been developed by the entity itself rather than purchased from another entity.† (Melville, 2011, P103) In order to be included in balance sheet assets, brands should be either â€Å"acquired for valuable consideration and need not be shown under goodwill† or â€Å"created by the undertaking itself, in so far as national law permits their being shown as assets† (EEC 1978, art. 9 C.). According to the example of Part A, Enigma plc has a brand expenditure of â‚ ¬10,000 including the acquisition of the Variations brand acquired from Elgar Ltd for â‚ ¬7 million and marketing expenditure on Enigma’s internally generated brands. Externally and internally generated intangible asset should be separated for accounting. In terms of externally generated tangible asset acquired by purchasing from another company, which satisfies the criteria of intangible assets: (a) future economic benefits arising from the acquisition of this item will flow into the entity; (b) the entity obtained this equity by contract so that controlling it legally and substantially; (c) brand is non-monetary; (d) it is identifiable for brand with no substance. Brand acquired from external parties reflects the position of intangible assets that have been clarified above; therefore, being recognized as intangible asset and recording â‚ ¬7 million under asset in the statement of financial position. Notwithstanding internally generated brands might be an intangible asset, difficulties to confirming still exist. IAS38 then states that â€Å"it may be difficult to assess whether an internally generated intangible asset qualifies for recognition because of: (a) The problem of establishing whether or not there is an identifiable asset which will generate future economic benefits, and (b) The problem of determining the cost of the asset reliably† Managers cannot ascertain that internally generated brands would produce future economic benefits even if generating the brands at cost which should be written off as an expense. In consequence, the cost of brands is demonstrated as expenditure and recorded in the comprehensive income. Conclusion: Difficulties of recognizing and measuring the intangible assets are not only on the process of accounting, but also regarding the difference between varies of standards around the world. Moreover, investors and managers of corporations abstract more emphasis on self-brand as increasingly attention paid to competition of intangibles. Nevertheless, the self-brand should be firstly recognized as actually an intangible assets or the cost is just an expense, which will assist us with accounting process as well as disclosures to the outer parties. Reference: EEC (European Economic Community). 1978. â€Å"4th Directive on the annual accounts of certain types of companies n ° 78/660/EEC.† Official Journal of the European Communities, (August 14). Hendriksen, E.S. and Van Bred, M.F. (1992) An Accounting Theory.5th edition. Chicago: Irwin IAS 38 Johnsen, L.T. and Patrone K. R. (1998)Accounting Horizons. pp. 293–303 Melville, A. (2011) International financial reporting. 3rd edition. pp.100-113 Nils,E.J. and Kjell.H.K. (2000) ’Accounting for Intangible Assets in Scandinavia, the UK, the US, and by the IASC: Challenges and a Solution’, the International Journal of Accounting, 35(2), pp. 243–265. 2000 [Online] Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020706300000480 (Accessed:20 Nov.2012) Stolowy, H. , Haller, A. and Klockhaus, V. (1999) ’Accounting for brands in IAS38 of IASC (intangible assets) compared with French and German Practices’, Emerging issues in international accounting, pp.7-20.1999 [Online] Available at https://studies2.hec.fr/jahia/webdav/site/hec/shared/sites/stolowy/acces_anon yme/recherche/working%20papers/accounting%20for%20brands.pdf Walton, P. and Aerts, W. Global Financial Accounting and Reporting. second edition.pp.150-155)

Early marriage Essay

Early marriages are marriages that happen between people under the age of eighteen. Such marriages are spread all over Palestine. In particular, they occur in Palestinian rural rather than urban areas. These practices take place for several reasons. One very important cause is the religious definition of adulthood which is more related to physical and biological aspects rather than psychological and behavioral. Another essential purpose for this practice is the lack of adequate education. Moreover, sometimes it is caused by the negative social point of view that links between fertility and age for women. However, governments, nowadays, are working to decrease the practice of early marriage as it deprives girls from their major rights and causes many health consequences for them. One effect of the early marriage is that it takes away many of the girls’ major rights. Firstly, it deprives them from the right to continue their education. As an illustration, the majority of girls, especially those who live in rural areas, are forced to get married instead of persisting their education. Furthermore, this deprivation results in lack of knowledge on how to raise the children well. Secondly, being forced to marry at an early age does not allow the girls to choose their lifelong partner. Thus, it makes her more of a follower instead of taking her decisions by herself. Finally, girls who marry at a young age are often isolated from their society and friends. This means, most of the young wives do not have the right to communicate freely with their family and friends since the responsibilities does not allow them to do so. On my point of view, forcing young women to marry before they reach eighteen years old is a violation against basic human rights. Another possible effect of the early marriage is that it leads to some bad health consequences on the woman herself and on her children too. For example, young brides are expected to become pregnant at an early age and there is a strong connection between the age of a mother and affectionate mortality. To be specific, Girls ages l0-14 are five times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women aged 20-24 and girls aged 15-19 are twice as likely to die .additionally, young mothers live greater risks during their pregnancies and suffer from many complications. For instance, they go through many dangerous conditions such as heavy bleeding, fistula, infection, anemia, and eclampsia which contribute to higher mortality rates  of both mother and child. In addition, early marriages may also lead to vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among young wives. To be particular, in Africa, Being young and female is a major risk factor for infection and young girls are being infected at a considerably disproportional rate to that of boys. Despite the fact that early marriages are sometimes seen by parents as a mechanism for protecting their daughters from HIV/AIDS, future husbands may already be infected from previous sexual encounters; so, it is a risk which is particularly serious for girls with older husbands. The lake of major rights and the physical consequences are some of the effects of early marriage that leads to a poor life to an innocent child. Therefore, there has to be more emphasis on the governments to convince people against it .However, families, nowadays, have recognized that young marriages are not good for children especially for girls. In addition, some concerned groups have actually tried to make new laws in countries so that the legal age of marriage will be raised to eighteen or more in order to save lives and create a better world for females.